Detail About Inclusion Compounds 23 Useful. Yah Blog M.sc.Chemistry Sem I Ki Organic Chemistry Ka Ek Important Topic Hain. Isme Inclusion Compounds Ko Detail Me Samjhaya Gaya Hain.
Detail About Inclusion Compounds 23 Useful
I. Introduction
A. Definition of inclusion compounds
Inclusion compounds ki definition yah hai ki ek prakar ke rasayanik saṅyukt jisme ek rasayanik padārth (host) ke andar ek chhed ya rikt sthān hota hai jisme dusra rasayanik padārth (guest) sama jātā hai. Host aur guest ke bīch kewal van der Waals bandhan hota hai. Inclusion compounds kā paribhāshā bahut vyāpak hai, jo crystal lattice me bane hue raste tak phailtā hai jisme guest anu sama sakte hai.
B. Types of host-guest interactions
Host-guest interactions ke kuch pramukh prakar niche diye gaye hai:
**Hydrogen bonds**:
Isme host aur guest ke bich ek hydrogen atom se ek electronegative atom (jaise oxygen ya nitrogen) tak ek kamzor bandhan hota hai. Hydrogen bonds ka upyog bahut se host-guest systems me kiya jata hai.
– **Halogen bonds**:
Isme host aur guest ke bich ek halogen atom (jaise chlorine ya iodine) se ek electronegative atom tak ek kamzor bandhan hota hai. Halogen bonds ka upyog kuch host-guest systems me kiya jata hai.
**Ionic interactions**:
Isme host aur guest ke bich ek positive charge wala group dusre ke negative charge wale group ko aakarshit karta hai. Ionic interactions ka upyog kuch host-guest systems me kiya jata hai.
**Ion-dipole interactions**:
Isme host aur guest ke bich ek charge wala group dusre ke polar group ke sahi chhor ko aakarshit karta hai. Ion-dipole interactions ka upyog kuch host-guest systems me kiya jata hai.
**Van der Waals forces**:
Isme host aur guest ke bich ek kamzor aakarshan hota hai jo unke beech ke anuon ke chumbakiy uttejana se utpann hota hai. Van der Waals forces ka upyog sabhi host-guest systems me kiya jata hai.
**Hydrophobic interactions**:
Isme host aur guest ke bich ek jal-virodhi prabhav hota hai jo unke beech ke pani ko nikal deta hai. Hydrophobic interactions ka upyog kuch host-guest systems me kiya jata hai.
C. Applications of inclusion compounds
Inclusion compounds ki kuch pramukh applications niche diye gaye hai:
**Drug delivery systems**:
Isme inclusion compounds ka upyog dawā ke guno ko sudharne aur dawā ko nishchit sthān par pahunchane ke liye kiya jata hai. Inclusion compounds me host molecule dawā ko apne chhed me rakhta hai aur use surakshit rakhta hai. Inclusion compounds ka upyog bahut se dawāo ke sath kiya jata hai, jaise ibuprofen, aspirin, caffeine, etc
**Separation and purification processes**:
Isme inclusion compounds ka upyog alag-alag padārtho ko alag karne aur shuddh karne ke liye kiya jata hai. Inclusion compounds me host molecule guest molecule ko apne chhed me bandh leta hai aur use anya padārtho se alag karta hai. Inclusion compounds ka upyog bahut se padārtho ke sath kiya jata hai, jaise gases, metals, organic compounds, etc.
**Catalysts**:
Isme inclusion compounds ka upyog rasayanik abhikriyao ko tez karne ke liye kiya jata hai. Inclusion compounds me host molecule guest molecule ko apne chhed me rakhta hai aur use abhikriya ke liye uchit sthiti pradan karta hai.
Inclusion compounds ka upyog bahut se abhikriyao ke sath kiya jata hai, jaise oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, etc.
**Sensors**:
Isme inclusion compounds ka upyog kisi padārth ya avastha ko pahchanne ke liye kiya jata hai. Inclusion compounds me host molecule guest molecule ko apne chhed me rakhta hai aur use kisi sanket ya parivartan se pratikriya karta hai.
Inclusion compounds ka upyog bahut se padārtho ya avasthao ke sath kiya jata hai, jaise pH, temperature, ions, molecules, etc.
**Molecular machines**:
Isme inclusion compounds ka upyog kisi karya ko karne ke liye kiya jata hai. Inclusion compounds me host molecule guest molecule ko apne chhed me rakhta hai aur use kisi bal ya urja se chalata hai. Inclusion compounds ka upyog bahut se karyo ke sath kiya jata hai, jaise switching, transport, rotation, etc.
II. Host molecules
A. Properties of host molecules
Host molecules ki kuch pramukh properties niche diye gaye hai:
**Size and shape**:
Host molecules ka aakar aur prakar unke guest molecules ke sath milta julta hona chahiye. Host molecules ka aakar aur prakar unke chhed ya rasto ka aakar aur prakar nirdharit karta hai. Host molecules ka aakar aur prakar unke guest molecules ke sath joṛne aur alag karne me bhi mahatvapurna hota hai.
**Polarity and solubility**:
Host molecules ka chumbakiyta aur ghulansheelta unke guest molecules ke sath joṛne aur alag karne me bhi mahatvapurna hota hai. Host molecules ka chumbakiyta aur ghulansheelta unke guest molecules se milta julta hona chahiye. Host molecules ka chumbakiyta aur ghulansheelta unke host-guest interactions ko bhi prabhavit karta hai.
**Stability and selectivity**:
Host molecules ka sthirata aur chayanatmakta unke host-guest complexes ki gunvatta aur upyogita ko nirdharit karta hai. Host molecules ka sthirata aur chayanatmakta unke guest molecules ko apne chhed ya rasto me bandhne aur rakhne ki kshamata ko darshata hai. Host molecules ka sthirata aur chayanatmakta unke guest molecules ko anya padārtho se alag karne ki kshamata ko bhi darshata hai.
B. Examples of host molecules
1. Cyclodextrins
Cyclodextrins ek prakar ke host molecules hai jo cyclic oligosaccharides hote hai. Cyclodextrins ke andar ek chhed hota hai jisme bahut se guest molecules sama sakte hai, jaise dawā, rang, aur sugandh. Cyclodextrins ka upyog drug delivery systems, separation and purification processes, catalysts, sensors, aur molecular machines me kiya jata hai.
2. Zeolites
Zeolites ek prakar ke host molecules hai jo crystalline aluminosilicates hote hai. Zeolites ke andar bahut se chhed hote hai jisme bahut se guest molecules phanse rehte hai, jaise gases, metals, aur organic compounds. Zeolites ka upyog separation and purification processes, catalysts, sensors, aur molecular machines me kiya jata hai.
3. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) ek prakar ke host molecules hai jo metal ions aur organic ligands se bane hote hai. MOFs ke andar bahut se chhed hote hai jisme bahut se guest molecules sama sakte hai, jaise dawā, gases, aur organic compounds. MOFs ka upyog drug delivery systems, separation and purification processes, catalysts, sensors, aur molecular machines me kiya jata hai.
III. Guest molecules
A. Properties of guest molecules
Guest molecules ki kuch pramukh properties niche diye gaye hai:
**Size and shape**:
Guest molecules ka aakar aur prakar unke host molecules ke sath milta julta hona chahiye. Guest molecules ka aakar aur prakar unke host molecules ke chhed ya rasto me samaane ki kshamata ko nirdharit karta hai. Guest molecules ka aakar aur prakar unke host molecules se joṛne aur alag karne me bhi mahatvapurna hota hai.
**Polarity and solubility**:
Guest molecules ka chumbakiyta aur ghulansheelta unke host molecules se joṛne aur alag karne me bhi mahatvapurna hota hai. Guest molecules ka chumbakiyta aur ghulansheelta unke host molecules se milta julta hona chahiye. Guest molecules ka chumbakiyta aur ghulansheelta unke host-guest interactions ko bhi prabhavit karta hai.
**Stability and selectivity**:
Guest molecules ka sthirata aur chayanatmakta unke host-guest complexes ki gunvatta aur upyogita ko nirdharit karta hai. Guest molecules ka sthirata aur chayanatmakta unke host molecules ke chhed ya rasto me samaane aur rakhne ki kshamata ko darshata hai. Guest molecules ka sthirata aur chayanatmakta unke host molecules se anya padārtho se alag karne ki kshamata ko bhi darshata hai.
B. Examples of guest molecules
1. Drugs
Guest molecules wo molecules hote hain jo ek host molecule ke andar se partially ya completely cover ho jate hain, aur ek supramolecular complex banate hain. Kuch examples of guest molecules jo drugs hain wo hain:
**Ibuprofen**
Jo cyclodextrins¹⁶ se encapsulate ho sakta hai, ek type ka macrocyclic molecule jo ek cavity rakhta hai jisme alag-alag guest molecules fit ho sakte hain.
**Doxorubicin**
Jo cucurbiturils se encapsulate ho sakta hai, ek aur type ka macrocyclic molecule jo ek barrel-shaped cavity rakhta hai jisme cationic guest molecules bind ho sakte hain.
**Ruthenium metallocene**
Jo cucurbit[7]uril se encapsulate ho sakta hai, ek specific type ka cucurbituril jo seven glycoluril units rakhta hai. Ye guest molecule ek organometallic catalyst hai jo anticancer therapy ke liye use kiya ja sakta hai.
Host-guest chemistry ka drug delivery ke liye use karne ka fayda ye hai ki isse drugs ki solubility, stability, bioavailability aur selectivity improve ho jati hai¹⁶.
2. Dyes
Guest molecules wo molecules hote hain jo ek host molecule ke andar se partially ya completely cover ho jate hain, aur ek supramolecular complex banate hain. Kuch examples of guest molecules jo dyes hain wo hain:
**Anthraquinone dyes**
Jo liquid crystal hosts me dissolve ho sakte hain aur host ki orientation ke saath align ho jate hain. Isse guest-host mixture ki absorption properties depend karti hain incident light ki polarization par⁴⁶.
**Fluorogenic dyes**
Jo cucurbiturils se encapsulate ho sakte hain aur enhanced fluorescence dikhate hain non-radiative decay pathways ko suppress karke. Isse sensing aur imaging applications ke liye use kiya ja sakta hai.
**Rhodamine dyes**
jo calixarenes se complex ho sakte hain aur host-guest interactions ki wajah se apne photophysical properties me changes dikhate hain. Isse molecular recognition aur signaling applications ke liye use kiya ja sakta hai.
Host-guest chemistry ka dye applications ke liye use karne ka fayda ye hai ki isse dyes ki stability, solubility, selectivity aur functionality improve ho jati hai¹²³.
3. Fragrances
Guest molecules wo molecules hote hain jo ek host molecule ke andar se partially ya completely cover ho jate hain, aur ek supramolecular complex banate hain. Kuch examples of guest molecules jo fragrances hain wo hain:
**Essential oils and aroma compounds**
Jo cyclodextrins se encapsulate ho sakte hain, ek type ka macrocyclic molecule jo ek cavity rakhta hai jisme alag-alag guest molecules fit ho sakte hain. Isse fragrances ki solubility, stability, bioavailability aur controlled release improve ho jati hai¹⁶.
**Iso E Super**
Jo ek synthetic fragrance molecule hai jo ek woody aur musky scent deta hai. Ye Escentric Molecules 01 ka main ingredient hai, ek niche perfume jo wearer ke body chemistry ke saath adapt hota hai.
**Camphor**
Jo ek natural fragrance molecule hai jo ek minty aur cooling scent deta hai. Ye urea ke saath ek inclusion compound bana sakta hai, ek common organic compound jo ek channel-like structure rakhta hai. Camphor molecules urea host ke channels me fit ho jate hain aur ek crystalline complex banate hain.
Host-guest chemistry ka fragrance applications ke liye use karne ka fayda ye hai ki isse fragrances ki sensory properties, functionality aur diversity enhance ho jati hai.
IV. Formation of inclusion compounds
A. Mechanisms of formation
Inclusion compounds ka formation ki mechanism depend karta hai host aur guest molecules ke type aur properties par. Ek general mechanism ye hai ki host molecule ek cavity ya channel provide karta hai jisme guest molecule fit ho sakta hai.
Host aur guest molecules ke beech koi covalent bonding nahi hota hai, sirf van der Waals forces se attraction hota hai.
Kuch cases me, inclusion compound ka formation do steps me hota hai. Pehla step me ek intermediate complex banta hai jisme host aur guest molecules loosely attach hote hain. Ye step fast aur reversible hota hai.
Dusra step me final stable inclusion complex banta hai jisme guest molecule host ke cavity ya channel me fully enter ho jata hai.
Ye step slow aur rate-determining hota hai. Inclusion compound ka formation ka thermodynamics aur kinetics depend karta hai host-guest interactions, solvent effects, temperature, pressure aur pH par.
B. Factors affecting the formation
Inclusion compounds ka formation affect hota hai kai factors se, jaise ki:
Host aur guest molecules ke size aur shape. Agar host ke cavity ya channel ka size aur shape guest molecule se match karta hai, to inclusion compound ka formation jyada likely hota hai.
Host aur guest molecules ke polarity aur solubility. Agar host aur guest molecules ka polarity aur solubility similar hota hai, to inclusion compound ka formation jyada stable hota hai.
Host-guest interactions.
Agar host aur guest molecules ke beech van der Waals forces strong hote hain, to inclusion compound ka formation jyada favorable hota hai.
Solvent effects.
Agar solvent host aur guest molecules ko separate karne me help karta hai, to inclusion compound ka formation jyada easy hota hai.
Temperature, pressure aur pH.
Ye factors inclusion compound ka formation affect karte hain thermodynamics aur kinetics ke through.
Generally, temperature increase karne se inclusion compound ka formation decrease hota hai, pressure increase karne se increase hota hai, aur pH change karne se host-guest interactions change hote hain²⁴⁵⁶.
V. Characterization of inclusion compounds
A. Techniques for characterization
Inclusion compounds ka characterization karne ke liye kai techniques use kiye ja sakte hain, jaise ki:
**Spectroscopic techniques**
jo host aur guest molecules ke beech ke interactions aur properties ko measure karte hain. Kuch common spectroscopic techniques hain NMR, IR, UV-Vis, fluorescence, ESR aur mass spectrometry.
**Thermodynamic techniques**
jo inclusion compound ka formation aur stability ko quantify karte hain. Kuch common thermodynamic techniques hain calorimetry, solubility measurements, phase solubility diagrams aur titration methods.
**Physicochemical techniques**
jo inclusion compound ka structure aur morphology ko analyze karte hain.
Kuch common physicochemical techniques hain X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis aur differential scanning calorimetry.
Inclusion compound ka characterization ek combination of different techniques se hota hai, jo depend karta hai host aur guest molecules ke type aur properties par¹.
B. Parameters for characterization
Inclusion compounds ka characterization karne ke liye kuch parameters hain:
**Formation constant**
jo host-guest complex ki affinity aur stability ka measure hai. Ye equilibrium par complex ki concentration ka ratio hota hai host aur guest ki concentrations ke product se.
**Stoichiometry**
jo host aur guest molecules ke number ka ratio hota hai complex me. Ye usually elemental analysis, mass spectrometry ya NMR spectroscopy se determine kiya jata hai.
**Structure**
jo host aur guest molecules ka arrangement aur orientation hota hai complex me. Ye usually X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy ya molecular modeling se determine kiya jata hai.
**Properties**
jo complex ke physical aur chemical characteristics hote hain jo host-guest interactions par depend karte hain. Kuch examples hain solubility, melting point, thermal stability, optical activity, fluorescence aur polarity.
VI. Applications of inclusion compounds
A. Drug delivery systems
Inclusion compounds ki applications drug delivery systems me hain, kyunki ye drugs ko solubilize, stabilize, protect aur control release kar sakte hain. Kuch examples of inclusion compounds jo drug delivery systems me use kiye ja sakte hain wo hain:
**Cyclodextrins**
jo ek type ke macrocyclic molecules hain jo drugs ke saath inclusion complexes bana sakte hain. Ye drugs ki solubility, bioavailability, stability aur permeability ko improve karte hain aur side effects ko reduce karte hain¹²³⁴.
**Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)**
Jo ek type ke porous materials hain jo metal ions aur organic ligands se bante hain. Ye drugs ko store aur release kar sakte hain aur drug delivery ko tune kar sakte hain¹⁴.
**Hydrogels**
Jo ek type ke cross-linked polymer networks hain jo pani me swell ho jate hain. Ye drugs ko encapsulate aur release kar sakte hain aur drug delivery ko responsive bana sakte hain¹³.
B. Separation and purification processes
Separation aur purification processes wo processes hain jo ek substance ko uske components me separate karte hain aur impurities ko remove karte hain.
Ye processes chemistry, medicine, manufacturing aur aur bhi fields me bahut important hain. Separation aur purification processes ka basis hota hai substances ke physical aur chemical properties me differences, jaise ki size, shape, mass, density, solubility, boiling point, melting point, polarity, charge aur affinity.
Kuch common separation aur purification processes hain:
**Distillation**
jo ek liquid mixture ko uske components me separate karta hai unke boiling points ke difference par¹³.
**Filtration**
jo ek solid-liquid mixture ko uske components me separate karta hai unke size aur shape ke difference par¹⁴.
**Crystallization**
jo ek solid substance ko ek liquid solution se separate karta hai uske solubility ke difference par¹⁶.
**Membrane separation**
jo ek mixture ko uske components me separate karta hai ek semi-permeable membrane ka use karke jo sirf kuch molecules ko pass karne deta hai.
C. Catalysts
Inclusion compound ka catalysis mein upyog isliye kiya jata hain kyonki inclusion compound mein host molecule ke cavity me guest molecule ko accommodate karne se chemical complex banta hain, jo kisi chemical reaction ki rate ko increase karta hain parantu swayam reaction me participate nahi karta hain।
Inclusion compound ka catalysis me kuch examples हैं:
– **Potassium graphite**
inclusion compound ko **hydrogenation** reaction me catalyst ke rup me pryog kiya jata hain,jisme aromatic hydrocarbons ko hydrogenate किया जाता है
– **Cyclodextrin** inclusion compound को **decarboxylation** reaction में catalyst के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है, जिससे carboxylic acids से carbon dioxide release होता है³
– **Cyclodextrin** inclusion compound को **fission of carbonates** reaction में catalyst के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है, जिससे carbonates से alcohol and carbon dioxide release होता है⁵
@inclusion compunds ka kya matlab hota hain ?
Inclusion compounds ka matlab hai ki ek prakar ke rasayanik saṅyukt jisme ek rasayanik padārth (host) ke andar ek chhed ya rikt sthān hota hai jisme dusra rasayanik padārth (guest) sama jātā hai.
Host aur guest ke bīch kewal van der Waals bandhan hota hai. Inclusion compounds kā paribhāshā bahut vyāpak hai, jo crystal lattice me bane hue raste tak phailtā hai jisme guest anu sama sakte hai.
Inclusion compounds kā bahut se kshetron me upyog hota hai, jaise dawā vitaran, alag karne aur shuddh karne ke prakriyā, utprerak, sensor, aur anu yantra234.
Inclusion compounds ke udaharan me cyclodextrins aate hai, jo cyclic oligosaccharides hote hai jo bahut se guest anu ke sath inclusion complexes banate hai, jaise dawā, rang, aur sugandh. Dusra udaharan hai zeolites, jo crystalline aluminosilicates hote hai jinke chhedo me guest anu phanse rehte hai.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) ek aur inclusion compounds kī shreni hai jin par bahut dhyan diya gaya hai kyunki unke bahut adhik satah kshetra, badalne yogy chhed aakar, aur vividh karyata hote hai.
@ chemistry me inclusion compunds
Chemistry me inclusion compounds ek prakar ke rasayanik saṅyukt hote hai jisme ek rasayanik padārth (host) ke andar ek chhed ya rikt sthān hota hai jisme dusra rasayanik padārth (guest) sama jātā hai.
Host aur guest ke bīch kewal van der Waals bandhan hota hai. Inclusion compounds kā paribhāshā bahut vyāpak hai, jo crystal lattice me bane hue raste tak phailtā hai jisme guest anu sama sakte hai.
Inclusion compounds do prakar ke hote hai: cage ya clathrates aur channel compounds23. Cage compounds me host ka dhancha sakth hota hai jo guest anu ko ghere rehta hai, jabki channel compounds me host ka dhancha lachila hota hai jo guest anu ko rasto me chalne deta hai.
Inclusion compounds kā bahut se kshetron me upyog hota hai, jaise dawā vitaran, alag karne aur shuddh karne ke prakriyā, utprerak, sensor, aur anu yantra256.
Chemistry me inclusion compounds ek prakar ke rasayanik saṅyukt hote hai jisme ek rasayanik padārth (host) ke andar ek chhed ya rikt sthān hota hai jisme dusra rasayanik padārth (guest) sama jātā hai.
Host aur guest ke bīch kewal van der Waals bandhan hota hai. Inclusion compounds kā paribhāshā bahut vyāpak hai, jo crystal lattice me bane hue raste tak phailtā hai jisme guest anu sama sakte hai.
Inclusion compounds do prakar ke hote hai: cage ya clathrates aur channel compounds . Cage compounds me host ka dhancha sakth hota hai jo guest anu ko ghere rehta hai.
jabki channel compounds me host ka dhancha lachila hota hai jo guest anu ko rasto me chalne deta hai. Inclusion compounds kā bahut se kshetron me upyog hota hai, jaise dawā vitaran, alag karne aur shuddh karne ke prakriyā, utprerak, sensor, aur anu yantra .
@Inclusion compounds kaise banaye jate hai?
Inclusion compounds banane ke liye alag-alag tarike hote hai, jo host aur guest ke prakar aur aakar par nirbhar karte hai. Kuch aam tarike niche diye gaye hai:
Grinding of solid mixtures: Isme host aur guest ke thos mishran ko peeskar inclusion compounds banaye jate hai. Iska upyog cyclodextrins aur unke guest ke sath kiya jata hai12.
Mixing cyclodextrin and the guest in pastes and suspensions: Isme host aur guest ko ghol ya latthe me milakar inclusion compounds banaye jate hai. Iska upyog bhi cyclodextrins aur unke guest ke sath kiya jata hai12.
Hydrothermal conditions: Isme host aur guest ko uchch tapman aur dabav ke pani me milakar inclusion compounds banaye jate hai. Iska upyog zeolites aur unke guest ke sath kiya jata hai34.
Molecular encapsulation: Isme host molecule ka ek hissa guest molecule ko ghere leta hai aur use andar bandh leta hai. Iska upyog calixarenes aur unke guest ke sath kiya jata hai4
@clatherate aur inclusion compunds me anter batao
Clathrate aur inclusion compound me antar yah hai ki clathrate compounds me host ka dhancha guest anu ko puri tarah se ghere rehta hai, jabki inclusion compounds me host ke andar ek chhed hota hai jisme guest anu sama jata hai.
Clathrate compounds me host aur guest ke bich koi rasayanik bandhan nahi hota hai, jabki inclusion compounds me host aur guest ke bich van der Waals bandhan hota hai.
Clathrate compounds me host aur guest ke aakar aur prakar ka bahut adhik antar hota hai, jabki inclusion compounds me host aur guest ke aakar aur prakar ka kam antar hota hai.
Clathrate compounds me host aur guest ka anupat nirdharit hota hai, jabki inclusion compounds me host aur guest ka anupat badal sakta hai¹⁵.
Inclusion Compounds Do Prakar Ke Hote Hai: **Cage ya Clathrates** Aur **Channel Compounds** . Cage compounds Me Host Ka Dhancha Sakth Hota Hai Jo Guest Anu Ko Ghere Rehta Hai, Jabki Channel Compounds Me Host Ka Dhancha Lachila Hota Hai Jo Guest Anu Ko Rasto Me Chalne Deta Hai.
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